How to pronounce –ed?

How to pronounce –ed?

The past simple tense and past participle of all regular verbs end in -ed.

For example: work, worked, worked

Many adjectives are made from the past participle and so end in -ed.

For example: I like painted furniture.

The question is, how do we pronounce the -ed? The answer is, in 3 ways:

• /ɪd/
• /t/
• /d/

*Note that it is the sound that is important, not the letter or spelling. For example, fax ends in the letter x but the sound /s/; like ends in the letter e but the sound /k/.

Exceptions

The following -ed words used as adjectives are pronounced with /ɪd/:

• dogged
• ragged
• wicked
• crooked
• naked